English Romanticism And Its Characteristics

English Romanticism And Its Characteristics Romanticism as a trend in art and literature of England emerged in the 90th of XVIII century. Romanticism in England took shape earlier than in other Western European countries, it had its vivid specificity and individualism. Its most bright representatives were William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, Thomas Moore, George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Walter Scott, John Keats and others, who have left a rich heritage in the literature of England and contributed to the world literature. Romanticism is one of the most controversial trends in European literature, in the literature Romanticism is mostly understood not only as a formal literary trend, but as a certain philosophy, and it is through this philosophy that we try to define Romanticism. One of the features of Romanticism in England was its magnificent lyric poetry, especially lyric poetry, in which the identity of the poet was brightly expressed in whatever he wrote. English poets framed their observations and views in parables, fantastic visions, cosmic symbolism. Sublime things and feelings were understood by them not only as something exclusive, but that could be present in the simplest things, in everyday life. One of the characteristics of romantic literature was a special attention to the spiritual world of man, but, in contrast to the sentimental literature, Romantics were interested not in an ordinary man, but the exceptional man in the exceptional circumstances. Romantic hero is experiencing violent emotions, is striving for perfection, dreams of an ideal. Romantic hero loves and sometimes idealizes the Middle Ages time, pristine nature, in powerful forms of which he sees reflection of his strong and conflicting emotions. When characterizing the relation of romantic writers and poets to the world, it is important to point aspiration to the ideal, human impulses and feelings, the belief that not logic and knowledge but intuition and imagination could reveal all the mysteries of life. But it is aspiration to the ideal, sometimes illusory or unattainable, that lead to rejection of everyday life which did not meet that ideal. Therefore, the romantic heroes had an internal duality, forced to live in two disparate worlds of the ideal and reality, sometimes coming in protest not only against the bone of reality, but also against the divine world order. Here came the so-called romantic irony of a man in relation to an established reality, that the average man took seriously. In general, the idea is often combined with irony, that is the peculiarity of English literature at all stages of its development. English Romantics were especially interested in social problems, as to the modern bourgeois society they opposed the old, pre-bourgeois relations, they glorified nature and simple, natural feelings. Bright representative of English Romanticism is Byron, who, according to critics, clothed in a dull hopeless romanticism and selfishness. His works are full of pathos of struggle and protest against the modern world, glorifying freedom and individualism. Understanding of nature and its image in the works of the Romantics In the late XVIII early XIX century the very understanding of nature has changed. First of all, it was associated with changes in life philosophy and world view of romantics, who then explained all the phenomena from another point of view, different from the medieval and enlightenment views. The change in the philosophy of the world spirit and in understanding of nature had effects on the romantic image of the landscape: Romantics view the world spirit as a basic principle of nature, as weak, vacillating, the least comprehensible and most mysterious part of nature. With this understanding of nature, the image of nature and landscape appeared as dual: the nature itself and also the spirit that filled it and governed it. Some critics argue that the difference of the romantic interpretation of the nature was in the fact that romanticism tried to carry balance of the world of pure ideas with the world of tangible and visible things, eliminating their opposition. (Abrams, 1975) These questions are very important, because the nature of romantic poetry has saved not only the aesthetic value of artistic expression of its philosophy, but also it reflected a truly profound ideas and experiences, great human emotions. It is important to stress the fact that according to Romantics, nature in general and all its parts have specific features of the human soul. Though it is important to say that such personalization and conception of nature as subordinate to the world spirit is very important peculiarity of romantic literature, because it reflects the problem of mans relationship to the world. Thus, the very meaning of nature in the XVIII and XIX centuries was entirely different. What is the something else, something new that distinguishes a romantic view of nature from its premises? Scientific literature emphasizes such characteristics of views and attitudes towards nature in romantic works: the deep romanticism subjectivity, the subjectivity of nature, precise, individual attitude to the subjects of nature; projection of mood of the writer on nature and vice versa; the identification of the sensitive subject with nature; the animation of nature by subjective emotions of the poet; passionate relationship of man to nature. (Moore J, 2010) Subjectivity of nature is a broader concept than the organic view of Romantics on nature, as this concept unites a wide range of romantic poets. In English and in German literature subjectivity of nature is expressed more explicitly than other literatures. Example of words of Byron, who very often expressed his love to nature, points to the fact that the subjective relationship with nature is very important feature of Romanticism. There is a pleasure in the pathless woods, There is a rapture on the lonely shore, There is society, where none intrudes, By the deep sea, and music in its roar: I love not man the less, but Nature more. (Byron G.G., Childe Harolds Pilgrimage) The main aspect in the romantic view on the nature is its subjectivity, the corresponding correlation of the poets mood with the natural world. It is a subjective interpretation of nature that is widely used by Romantic poets, and such features as variety of moral epithets, passion, and association of objects with personal these are the most obvious examples of this poetic temperament. Nature knows, loves, suffers and dreams, like a man, and together with the man. (Moore, 2010) Thus, the Romanticism is characterized by a sense of unity between man and nature, but this is not always expressed in the pantheistic forms, and may be associated with different ideological positions. Moreover, this unity can act in the forms of dualistic split, when nature embodies peace and harmony, and is opposed to sufferings and disharmony of human relationship. Passionate experience of relationship between the hero and nature is inherent to all romantics, though it may be shown differently by different romantic poets. On the one hand, in their writings dominate the image of landscape, which reflects their search for beauty, for picturesque images. On the other, they pay more attention to the state of the human soul and his feelings, and so the image of nature is a projection of the state of the soul, and the poet turns from the descriptions of nature to description of feelings, mixing them and showing relationship between them. Thus, the declaration of the relationship of natu re with the inner world of man is an important practice in works of romantic poets. (Perkins, 1994) It is the hour when from the boughs The nightingales high note is heard; It is the hour when lovers vows Seem sweet in every whispered word; And gentle winds, and waters near, Make music to the lonely ear. Each flower the dews have lightly wet, And in the sky the stars are met, And on the wave is deeper blue, And on the leaf a browner hue, And in the heaven that clear obscure, So softly dark, and darkly pure. Which follows the decline of day, As twilight melts beneath the moon away. (Byron G., Parisina (st. 1) It is important to note that for romantic poets nature was an expression of spiritual life, where they saw the mirror reflection of either their own soul, or the ideal life that constituted the object of their dreams. Therefore, in their works nature is endowed with more deep meaning, than the meaning of words. Animation, humanization of nature in perception, imagination was one of the favorite motifs of poets. In contrast to the dead to society, which kills a living soul in the pursuit of profit, career, power, the nature comes to life, filled with the spiritual life of people. In this case they usually have in mind the wild nature, untouched by man, which gives rest, forgetfulness and peace. Sometimes the opposition of society and nature took the form of an antithesis of town and country, and then under the nature was meant idyllic countryside, dramatically different from a nervous and noisy city. In contrast to the false and empty society, in nature everything is simple, genuine and harmonious. An example of the poetic chanting of nature were the works of lyrical poet John Keats, who wrote on the high themes of love, beauty and art art. In his poem Autumn (1820) Keats went completely from the mythological imagery, creating a picture of autumn the time of a sad farewell to the past before the harsh winter. Landscape in the poem is associated with the image of a simple man a peasant who lives in a perpetual work. Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; To bend with apples the mossd cottage-trees, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the coreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Keats J. To Autumn, in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 2005) The contradiction between the dream and the reality the romantic poet Keats expressed as a contradiction between the desired ideal of beauty and bourgeois prose. Keatss admiration for the beauty was not, however, fled from life, from the problems of reality. In his poetry, he showed the truth of life, the essence of reality, he poeticized the beauty that was hidden in life under the cover of some ugly things. But when the melancholy fit shall fall Sudden from heaven like a weeping cloud, That fosters the droop-headed flowers all, And hides the green hill in an April shroud; Then glut thy sorrow on a morning rose, Or on the rainbow of the salt sand-wave, Or on the wealth of globà ¨d peonies; Or if thy mistress some rich anger shows, Emprison her soft hand, and let her rave, And feed deep, deep upon her peerless eyes. (Keats J. , Ode on Melancholy, The Norton Anthology of English Literature, 2005 ) Another prominent representative of Romantic literature in England was Lord George Gordon Byron. Byron was committed to the educational ideals and aesthetics of classicism, but he was a romantic poet. In his work the recognition of the classic rigor and clarity was combined with the image of the complex and ambiguous feelings, painted in a gloomy mood, but also with irony. The moon is up, and yet it is not night; Sunset divides the sky with her; a sea Of glory streams along the Alpine height Of blue Friulis mountains; Heaven is free From clouds, but of all colours seems to be. (Byron G. Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, A Romaunt, Canto IV, XXVII) In the romantic poems we see the strong desire to image bright and sharp contrasts , also in the image of nature. Romantics often sought to portray a violent nature, and Byron seemed liked the the presence of danger, a storm for him was a symbol of the great, though often fatal passions. Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean-roll! Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain; Man marks the earth with ruin-his control Stops with the shore;-upon the watery plain The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Byron G. Childe Harolds Pilgrimage, Canto II, CLXXIX) Aspiration to an ideal and admiration of the perfect beauty of the nature can be found in the beautiful poems of Percy Shelley. The character of pictures of nature by Shelley organically derives from his philosophical views, based on the knowledge of the history of philosophy from ancient times, from truly encyclopedic knowledge. Shelley sometimes animates the nature, gives it consciousness and characteristics of highest creation he signs a hymn to the Spirit of Nature, by declaring the entire Universe as its temple. The influence of the materialist: it were ideas of Enlightenment and the Renaissance that played a decisive role in the evolution of philosophical views of Shelley. In Ode to the West Wind (1819) the symbolic image of the West Wind is the idea of renewal of life: the west wind destroys everything old in its path and helps to create new. The lyrical hero-champion is one with the mighty power of the West Wind. O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumns being, Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic redà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear! (Shelley P.B., Ode To The West Wind, I) Shelley shows the magic power of the wind magically, describing its role as destroyer and preserver, by powerful natural metaphors the poet expresses his ideas about the power and great effect of the nature. Thus, we can see that the Romantic poets often showed the nature as free, powerful and beautiful world that is different from the human. Especially romantic poets liked to portray the sea in this sense, its boundless scope and majestic power, the wind, which has unlimited power and freedom, and the mountains with their grandeur and sublime beauty. In this case, the freedom and the power of natural elements have a figurative meaning, associated with free and powerful human spirit. Conclusion Romanticism is characterized by a sense of unity between man and nature. Consequently, the most importantly in the romantic views of nature is subjectivity, the corresponding correlation of the poets mood with the natural world. The romantic perception of nature is not just individual attitude of the subject to the outside world, but the nature helps to express the attitude of individual to the social conditions of his existence. In the perception and evaluation of the nature is expressed the relationship of the individual to the public life, to the meaning of human existence.

Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc

Shortly after the announcement that British scientists had successfully cloned a sheep, Dolly, cloning humans has recently become a possibility that seems much more feasible in today's society. The word clone has been applied to cells as well as to organisms, so that a group of cells stemming from a single cell is also called a clone. Usually the members of a clone are identical in their inherited characteristics that is, in their genes except for any differences caused by mutation. Identical twins, for example, who originate by the division of a single fertilized egg, are members of a clone; whereas nonidentical twins, who derive from two separate fertilized eggs, are not clones. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 97 Encyclopedia). There are two known ways that we can clone humans. The first way involves splitting an embryo into several halves and creating many new individuals from that embryo. The second method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already existing human being a nd cloning them, in turn creating other individuals that are identical to that particular person. With these two methods at our desposal, we must ask ourselves two very important questions: Should we do this, and Can we? There is no doubt that many problems involving the technological and ethical sides of this issue will arise and will be virtually impossible to avoid, but the overall idea of cloning humans is one that we should accept as a possible reality for the future. Cloning humans is an idea that has always been thought of as something that could be found in science fiction novels, but never as a concept that society could actually experience. Today's technological speed has brought us to the piont to where almost anything is possible. Sarah B. Tegen, '97 MIT Biology Undergraduate President states, "I think the cloning of an entire mammal has shown me exactly how fast biology is moving ahead, I had no idea we were so close to this kind of accomplishment." Based on t he current science , though, most of these dreams and fears are premature, say some MIT biologists. Many biologist claim that true human cloning is something still far in the future. This raises ethical questions now as towhether or not human cloning should even be attempted. (http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/). There are many problems with cloning humans. One method of human cloning is splitting embryos... ...ill this experiment be used to create a new race of human clones? I personally think that human cloning to any extent will be at least problematic. I think nature will put up a good fight against mans feable intrusion into the creation business. As I have mentioned before in the movie The Boys from Brazil, man can only screw-up any attempt at creation. Just ask Dr. Frankenstein. Who knows what kind of mutations cloning would breed. Biologically would a clone evolve faster, slower? Would it affectively wipe out gene diversity making humans susectable to disease? Could a common cold be the new plauge? These are questions I hope we will never have to answer. Bibliography Works Cited "Clone," Microsoft ® Encarta ® 97 Encyclopedia.  © 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Macklin, Ruth. "Human cloning? Don't just say no" U.S. News and World Report. 3 March 1997 (4-26-98) Martin, Robert. "Creating a Soul by Cloning?" Applied Christian ity. 1998 (http://www.user.shentel.net/ramartin/applied/cloning.htm) (4-26-98) ROSS, SONYA "President ruling out federal research on human cloning" U.S. News and World Report. 3 March 1997 (4-27-98) Cloning Essay -- essays research papers fc Shortly after the announcement that British scientists had successfully cloned a sheep, Dolly, cloning humans has recently become a possibility that seems much more feasible in today's society. The word clone has been applied to cells as well as to organisms, so that a group of cells stemming from a single cell is also called a clone. Usually the members of a clone are identical in their inherited characteristics that is, in their genes except for any differences caused by mutation. Identical twins, for example, who originate by the division of a single fertilized egg, are members of a clone; whereas nonidentical twins, who derive from two separate fertilized eggs, are not clones. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 97 Encyclopedia). There are two known ways that we can clone humans. The first way involves splitting an embryo into several halves and creating many new individuals from that embryo. The second method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already existing human being a nd cloning them, in turn creating other individuals that are identical to that particular person. With these two methods at our desposal, we must ask ourselves two very important questions: Should we do this, and Can we? There is no doubt that many problems involving the technological and ethical sides of this issue will arise and will be virtually impossible to avoid, but the overall idea of cloning humans is one that we should accept as a possible reality for the future. Cloning humans is an idea that has always been thought of as something that could be found in science fiction novels, but never as a concept that society could actually experience. Today's technological speed has brought us to the piont to where almost anything is possible. Sarah B. Tegen, '97 MIT Biology Undergraduate President states, "I think the cloning of an entire mammal has shown me exactly how fast biology is moving ahead, I had no idea we were so close to this kind of accomplishment." Based on t he current science , though, most of these dreams and fears are premature, say some MIT biologists. Many biologist claim that true human cloning is something still far in the future. This raises ethical questions now as towhether or not human cloning should even be attempted. (http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/). There are many problems with cloning humans. One method of human cloning is splitting embryos... ...ill this experiment be used to create a new race of human clones? I personally think that human cloning to any extent will be at least problematic. I think nature will put up a good fight against mans feable intrusion into the creation business. As I have mentioned before in the movie The Boys from Brazil, man can only screw-up any attempt at creation. Just ask Dr. Frankenstein. Who knows what kind of mutations cloning would breed. Biologically would a clone evolve faster, slower? Would it affectively wipe out gene diversity making humans susectable to disease? Could a common cold be the new plauge? These are questions I hope we will never have to answer. Bibliography Works Cited "Clone," Microsoft ® Encarta ® 97 Encyclopedia.  © 1993-1996 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Macklin, Ruth. "Human cloning? Don't just say no" U.S. News and World Report. 3 March 1997 (4-26-98) Martin, Robert. "Creating a Soul by Cloning?" Applied Christian ity. 1998 (http://www.user.shentel.net/ramartin/applied/cloning.htm) (4-26-98) ROSS, SONYA "President ruling out federal research on human cloning" U.S. News and World Report. 3 March 1997 (4-27-98)

The Role of Mrs. Morel and Miriam in Paul’s Life

The role of Mrs. Morel and Miriam in Paul’s life The relationship between Paul and Miriam is one of the central themes in â€Å"Sons and Lovers†, since it is through this relationship that Paul faces his issues regarding his mother’s role in his life and women. Even though Clara is later part of the theme of Paul, women and his difficulty in committing, it can be argued that Mrs. Morel, Paul and Miriam are somewhat a love triangle. The fact that Miriam shares certain personality traits with Mrs. Morel is what leads to Mrs.Morel dislike of her. For instance, both women have a desire to love and take care of Paul in an overprotective and spiritual way. In Mrs. Morel case, her controlling attitude towards Paul is a result of Mr. Morel’s absence and the death of William, who was the object of her affection. Miriam’s love can be seen the same way as Mrs. Morel’s, that is, a spiritual type of love, since she is reluctant to have a physical relation ship with Paul and is more centered in a platonic and intellectual area.The type of love that Miriam feels for Paul is clearly shown on chapter 7: â€Å"If she could be mistress of him in his weakness, take care of him, if he could depend on her, if she could, as it were, have him in her arms, how she would love him. † Even though the idea of â€Å"having Paul in her arms† might suggest physical desire, in Miriam’s case it reflects her yearn to take care of Paul, like somebody that saves his life. Although she and Paul eventually have physical intimacy, she sees such intimacy as a sacrifice, something she must do in order to be with Paul. One the reasons why Mrs.Morel disapproves of Paul’s relationship with Miriam is the fact that she regards her as a rival. In other words, Mrs. Morel sees in Miriam somebody that can replace her role as a â€Å"mother† who is in control of Paul’s life. Mrs. Morel’s dislike is clearly shown in the rema rk she makes on chapter 7: â€Å"She [Miriam] is one of those who will want to suck a man’s soul out till he has none of it left. † as well as in chapter 8, when Mrs. Morel cries: â€Å"She exults—she exults as she carries him off of me. She is not like an ordinary woman who can leave me my share in him. † It can be argued that Paul’s soul belongs to Mrs.Morel which means that by sucking Paul’s soul out and carrying him off of Mrs. Morel, Miriam would be distancing Paul from her. Mrs. Morel sees Miriam as a competitor for Paul’s love. An interesting aspect present in the â€Å"triangle† formed by Paul, Mrs. Morel and Miriam, is the constant presence of Paul’s feeling of guilt and his mixed emotions towards both women. Miriam’s intensity constantly disturbs Paul, because he knows, unconsciously, that once Miriam’s spirituality â€Å"trapped† him, she would be able to reach the depths of his soul, whic h is controlled by his mother.Paul’s view of Miriam’s love is evident in the following passage: â€Å"In contact with Miriam, he gained insight, his vision went deeper. From his mother, he drew the life-warmth, the strength to produce; Miriam urged this warmth like a white light. † As much as Paul appreciates both women in his life because they add positive aspects to his character, he is quite aware of the existing conflict between them; he knows that both women want him in the same way, spiritually and emotionally. He feels guilty because being in a relationship with Miriam hurt his mother and he also feels guilty by the way he treats Miriam at times.In other words, guilt is a common occurrence in Paul’s life that affects him deeply throughout the novel, from when he is in a relationship with Miriam to when his mother falls ill. Such guilt comes mainly form his mixed emotions towards both women. Although he recognizes the importance of both women, menti oned earlier, he also hates them at times. His hate for Miriam is apparent on chapter 8 when he criticizes Miriam: â€Å"You're always begging things to love you as if you were a beggar for love. Even the flowers, you have to fawn on them – You don't want to love – your eternal and abnormal craving is to be loved.You aren't positive, you're negative. You absorb, absorb, as if you must fill yourself up with love, because you've got a shortage somewhere. † Paul’s hate for his mother, on the other hand is evident by his realization on chapter 13, that Mrs. Morel controlled much of his life: â€Å"Sometimes he hated her, and pulled at her bondage. His life wanted to free itself of her. It was like a circle where life turned back on itself, and got no farther. She bore him, loved him, kept him, and his love turned back into her, so that he could not be free to go forward with his own life, really love another woman. In other words, Paul becomes conscious that Mrs. Morel has influenced him deeply, to the point where it affects his relationships with other women. An interesting point in the novel is that Mrs. Morel complains in the first chapter that she wasn’t in control of her life: â€Å"It doesn’t seem as if I were taken into account. † and yet does not take Paul in account when it comes to Paul’s relationships; she is more concerned with how a relationship is going to affect her as opposed to wishing Paul happiness and letting go of him so that he can make his own decisions. Sometimes life takes hold of one, carries the body along, accomplishes one’s history†¦but leaves oneself as it were slurred over. † Such passage in the first chapter demonstrates that Mrs. Morel was a victim for not being in control of her life, but later on in the novel she transforms from victim into perpetrator by not letting Paul be in control of his life. The end of the novel represents a moment of epiphany/awake ning. Paul realizes that much of his life has been controlled by Mrs. Morel and that his decisions and actions have been shaped by her desires.Paul, as devastated as he is by his mother’s death, understands that he needs to change: â€Å"He would not take that direction, to the darkness, to follow her. † Had he not changed his perspective in life, Mrs. Morel would still control him, even after her death. Paul’s decision of not marrying Miriam in the end shows the readers that Paul finally feels the need to break away and be in charge of his life. Nevertheless, the reader does not get an answer whether or not Paul will succeed in his attempt to be in control of his own life. The â€Å"triangle† is over, but the reader is left to wonder if Paul will be able to take care of himself on his own.

The Immigration Waves And Asian American Immigration

Veronia Hana Danni Dempsey 21 July, 2017 Midterm 2 1. To commence, there are three immigration waves known for the Asian American Immigration to the United States and they are simply represented as: first wave for those who came to seek gold, second wave for those who can contribute to the United States, and third wave for the refugee. Many immigrants such as Chinese, Japanese, Europeans began to immigrate to the United States in hope to achieve the American Dream where they become rich and wealthy during America’s gold discovery. The Chinese began immigrating to United States between 1840-1890s due to the political and social instability of China (pg.6). According to Mann, Numrich, and Williams in their article: â€Å"Buddhist, Hindus, and†¦show more content†¦This movement known as the brain drain movement where â€Å"Uncle Sam† representing the government would compare the individual’s knowledge and pick the best to be under him. These individuals were used as scabs at the time. â€Å"Uncle Sam† would only take in people who represented a high class in their own culture. He would pick and choose between scholars, doctors, lawyers, engineers, professors, and anyone else that can benefit America, leaving their origin country with nothing. However, this moment was only advantag eous to the United States because it helped occupy the different employment positions in the United States. Lastly, the last flux of legal immigrants was from 1975-1980s which became known as the third wave where refugee immigrants such as Vietnamese, Cambodians, and Laotians began to move to the United States seeking security and protection. During this time the Vietnam war was happening between the Vietnamese and the Communist; however, the Vietnamese knew that they would lose as Bich explains in her memoir of Stealing Buddha’s Dinner. 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